Thyroid Disease
As a junior, you will frequently see patients who potentially have thyroid dysfunction. The problem is these patients often present
Endocrinology
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Hypophosphataemia
The UK Medicines Information group have provided excellent guidance on how to replace phosphate.
Hypocalcaemia
Acute hypocalcaemia that is severe (<1.9 mmol/L) or symptomatic can be life-threatening and necessitates urgent treatment. It is often initially
Hypernatraemia
Hypernatraemia is defined as a sodium above 145 mmol/L with severe being more than 150 mmol/L.
Hypercalcaemia
Serum calcium concentration is tightly regulated between 2.1-2.6mmol/L. Severe hypercalcaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte emergency requiring prompt recognition and urgent
Hypertension in Hospital
As a junior doctor, you will often be called about patients with raised blood pressure (BP) in secondary care. This
Hypoglycaemia
In this article, we provide a quick overview of how to treat and investigate the cause of patients with hypoglycaemia.
DKA and HHS
You’ve found a patient is hyperglycaemic & either they are ketotic or have significant hyperglycaemia (>30mmol/L) and so you suspect DKA or
Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcerations are a significant complication of diabetes and often precede minor (below the ankle) or major (above or below the knee) amputation. At least 2% of people with diabetes experience new foot ulcers annually, and of these, one in 400 undergoes amputation (Kerr, M. 2019)
Medications in Diabetes
In this article, we’ll cover the treatments used in Diabetes Mellitus. We’ll look at key things you need to know
Hyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia is something you will encounter frequently. In this article, we focus on how to approach hyperglycaemia and identify diabetic
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia (serum Sodium <135 mmol/L) is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities you will see and so a systematic
Fluid Balance
Almost every patient admitted to hospital receives IV fluids at some point in their journey. However, the body manages this,